Essay on Bernard Williams and Utilitarianism - 690 Words

The utilitarian faces many problems because he loses any ability to live a personal life. By this is meant that in making decisions the utilitarian must consider the steps which lead to the highest level of goodness in society. The utilitarian reaches for the greatest good for the greatest number of people. Two main aspects dominate the light of utilitarian beliefs. The consequentialist principle explains that in determining the rightness or wrongness of an act one must examine the results that will follow. The utility principle is that you can only deem something to be good if it in itself will bring upon a specific desired state, such as happiness or fulfillment. There are two types of utilitarians: Act utilitarians and Rule†¦show more content†¦If he does not take the job, it is decidedly worse for the general good as he would be giving up the job to someone with high aspirations to develop the field of chemical and biological warfare. This is a danger to society. In taki ng the job, George is providing his family with a healthier living and also, as a result of his lack of enthusiasm, he is slowing down the progress of chemical and biological warfare projects. In this way, utilitarianism is showing that integrity is meaningless. These similar ideas are expressed in Williams second example. A man ends up in a South American town in front of a group of 20 inhabitants who had protested against the government and were about to be killed as punishment and to serve as warning. Understanding that the man, Jim, had ended up in the town by accident, they decide to honor him as a visitor and give him the privilege of killing one of the Indians. As a result, the other 19 will be set free. The utilitarian response to this is that Jim should kill the one man. The utilitarian must again forget his integrity and act for the greater good. Although his best benefit may be to not kill one man, he must consider the complete picture; he is saving the lives of 19 people. Williams has a recurring gripe with the ideas of utilitarianism. He believes that in making a utilitarian decision one must forget his integrity, for in making his decision, it is not his personal reputation which takes priority.Show MoreRelatedUtilitarianism And Bernard Williams Critique Of Utilitarianism1915 Words   |  8 Pagesbe Moral?: Utilitarianism’s Moral Overburdening and Bernard Williams’ Critique Utilitarianism, at first, appears to be a rather uncontroversial ethical theory in that it bases its plausibility on its basic principle of maximizing human happiness. Even so, it proves to be rather problematic in many of its aspects as soon as one discerns how this ethical account ascribes moral value to actions. Particularly, one worrying issue for utilitarianism, which I will be delving into, deals with is its demandsRead MoreBernard Williams Vs Rule Utilitarianism1606 Words   |  7 PagesUtilitarianism is based off of the idea that actions are right if they are beneficial and support the majority. When a person is faced with a decision, he or she must think about the consequences in terms of pleasure versus pain. That person has a moral obligation to figure out which outcome is the better one. Majority of this paper will discuss act utilitarianism versus rule utilitarianism and different philosophical objections to each. Act utilitarianism is best described as actions that lead toRead MoreIn Utilitarianism For and Against by Bernard Williams, Williams has an argument that is based on1200 Words   |  5 PagesIn Utilitarianism For and Against by Bernard Williams, Williams has an argument that is based on the value of integrity. Integrity is defined as the quality of being honest and having strong moral principles or moral uprightness. In Williams argument he believes in certain circumstances utilitarianism requires agents to abandon their personal projects and commitments. This lead Williams to claim that utilitarianism is an attack on an agent’s integrity. In my essay I will explain Williams’s argumentRead MoreUtilitarianism, By John Stuart Mill1365 Words   |  6 Pages In John Stuart Mill’s book Utilitarianism, he argues for the defense of utilitarianism, an age old theory originally developed by Jeremy Bentham that states the proper course of action is the one that maximizes happiness. The course of action that maximizes gene ral happiness is also the only true standard for moral assessment. Mill also introduces the idea of ‘first principle’ which states that it is not acceptable for individuals to characterize actions as either ‘good’ or ‘bad’, because it isRead MoreUtilitarianism Essays : Utilitarianism And Integrity989 Words   |  4 Pages Utilitarianism is a practical doctrine that is widely accepted in modern society’s economics, politic, and ethics. Utilitarian is driven by the pursuit of happiness. For a utilitarian, everything that will be helpful in the pursuit is considered good. In utilitarianism, an action is good or evil based on its consequences on the happiness of an individual and the happiness of the community. Similar to other doctrine, utilitarianism is not without a flaw. Bernard Williams, in his paper UtilitarianismRead MoreThe Moral Aspects Of Utilitarianism1619 Words   |  7 PagesSir Bernard Arthur Owen Williams greatly i nfluenced philosophical ethics through several studies on the moral aspects of Utilitarianism. His complex thinking and theories, along with his unique approach, gave him a great amount of recognition towards other theorists in his field. He expressed the majority of his beliefs through his writings in which he stressed his critiques of Utilitarianism and Kantianism and emphasized the importance of moral rational. His study of both external and internal reasoningRead MoreUtilitarianism And Its Criticisms Of Utilitarianism1437 Words   |  6 PagesUtilitarianism And Its Critiques Utilitarianism is a well known consequentialist ethical theory popularized in the 19th century by a philosopher named John Stuart Mill. Mill was one of the greatest proponents of utilitarianism but many philosophers since have revealed significant flaws with his theory, one being a more contemporary philosopher named Bernard Williams. Williams has many objections with utilitarianism, which i will divulge momentarily and determine whether these objections are justifiedRead MoreUtilitarianism : Utilitarianism And Utilitarianism861 Words   |  4 PagesAccording to utilitarianism, all the actions that an individual chooses to perform at any particular time must be geared toward achieving happiness. Utilitarianism also focuses on doing what is morally right always such that all the decisions that the individual decides to take are acceptable in the community. It also states that one should always consider fulfilling what is valuable to their life and those that would lead to happiness. An individual should then combine these thoughts with actionsRead MoreCritisism for Rule and Act Utilitarianism1155 Words   |  5 Pages â€Å"Utilitarianism is the view that the supreme principle of morality is to act so as to produce as much happiness as possible, each person counting equally† (Mill, 114). By ‘happiness’, this includes anything that is pleasurable and free of pain. Simply put, utilitarianism is the theory that an action is right, as long as it produces the greatest good for the most number of people (Peetush). The central point to this theory is that one must consider every consequence before taking any action. ThereRead MoreEthics: Utilitarianism Essay805 Words   |  4 PagesThe theory behind utilitarianism is that one’s actions are right if it promotes happiness or pleasure and wrong if it does not promote happiness or pleasure. The main point to this theory is the principle of utility that states â€Å"according to which action s should be chosen that bring about the greatest amount of happiness for the greatest number of people.† (Palmer) Jeremy Bentham gave essentially utilitarianism its name and brought more attention to it than those before him. Bentham came up with

Robert Wrhinghim in James Hoggs Novel, The Private...

Robert Wrhinghim in James Hoggs Novel, The Private Memoirs and Confessions of a Justified Sinner Works Cited Not Included James Hoggs classic novel, The Private Memoirs and Confessions of a Justified Sinner, portrays the fictional story of Robert Wringhim, a strong Calvinist who justifies murder by quickening the inevitable. Robert commits infamous acts of evil, believing that these murderous actions glorify God by annihilating sinners not chosen to be saved. I believe that a combination of factors involving both nurture and nature shape Wringhim into the suffering creature that he becomes. The greatest of these factors include Paranoia Schizophrenia, Multiple Personality Disorder, and the rejection of society. To my†¦show more content†¦He wishes to be a ?champion? for God, cutting down sinners by the sword. However, I feel that he subconsciously desires to be a ?champion? over his own fear of damnation and through believing that murdering the damned is God?s calling for his life, this allows the means to defeat his fear. Another mental illness that is shown in Robert Wringhim?s life is Multiple Personality Disorder. Psychologists are still trying to understand what causes MPD. There is much debate whether this mental condition is caused through nature or through nurture: I believe, like many psychologists, that it?s a combination of both. In this belief, MPD victims recall one specific event that?s so traumatic that their mind escapes insanity by blocking out the event and taking on a new identity (or identities). It?s a form of the mind?s self defense which allows a victim to go on living their life without reflecting on harrowing experiences that would result in madness for the victim. The reason why this disorder is believed to also be caused by nature is because it helps explain why people who suffer the same or similar traumatic experiences as MPD victims, never obtain MPD. On page 170, Robert becomes aware that he looses all track of time. This is very common for MPD victims. The minds will check in and out of time whenever it feels a need for safety; the mind still functions, it just takes on the form of a new personality. Moreover, a MPD victim

The Book Of Joshua free essay sample

A ; Ruth Essay, Research Paper The Book of Joshua Chapter 1 The book begins with the history, non of Joshua? s life ( many singular transitions of that we had before in the books of Moses ) but of his reign and authorities. In this chapter, I. God appoints him to the authorities in the position of Moses, gives him an ample committee, full instructions, and great encouragements ( v. 1-9 ) . II. He accepts the authorities, and addresses himself instantly to the concern of it, giving orders to the officers of the people in general ( v. 10, 11 ) and peculiarly to the two folks and a half ( v. 12? 15 ) . III. The people agree to it, and take an curse of allegiance to him ( v. 16? 18 ) . A reign which therefore began with God could non but be honorable to the prince and comfy to the topic. The last words of Moses are still verified, # 8220 ; Happy art 1000, O Israel! Who is like unto thee, O people? ? ? Deu. We will write a custom essay sample on The Book Of Joshua or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 33:29. Chapter 2 In this chapter we have an history of the lookouts that were employed to convey an history to Joshua of the position of the metropolis of Jericho. Observe here, I. How Joshua sent them ( v. 1 ) . II. How Rahab received them, and protected them, and told a prevarication for them ( v. 2-7 ) , so that they escaped out of the custodies of the enemy. III. The history she gave them of the present position of Jericho, and the panic-fear they were struck with upon the attack of Israel ( v. 8? 11 ) . IV. The deal she made with them for the security of herself and her dealingss in the ruin she saw coming upon her metropolis ( v. 12? 21 ) . V. Their safe return to Joshua, and the history they gave him of their expedition ( v. 22? 24 ) . And that which makes this narrative most singular is that Rahab, the individual chiefly concerned in it, is twice celebrated in the New Testament as a great truster ( Heb. 11:31 ) and as one whose religion proved itself by good plants, James 2:25. Chapter 3 This chapter, and that which follows it, give us the history of Israel? s go throughing through Jordan into Canaan, and a really memorable history it is. Long afterwards, they are told to retrieve what God did for them between Shittim ( whence they decamped, v. 1 ) . and Gilgal, where they next pitched, ch. 4:19, Mic. 6:5, that they might cognize the righteousness of the Lord. By Joshua? s order they marched up to the river? s side ( v. 1 ) , and so almighty power led them through it. They passed through the Red Sea out of the blue, and in their flight by dark, but they have notice some clip before of their passing through Jordan, and their outlooks raised. I. The people are directed to follow the Ark ( v. 2-4 ) . II. They are commanded to consecrate themselves ( v. 5 ) . III. The priests with the Ark are ordered to take the new wave ( v. 6 ) . IV. Joshua is magnified and made commanding officer in head ( v. 7, 8 ) . V. Public notice is given of what God is about to make for them ( v . 9? 13 ) . IV. The thing is done, Jordan is divided, and Israel brought safely through it ( v. 14? 17 ) . This was the Lord? s making, and it is fantastic in our eyes. Chapter 4 This chapter gives a farther history of the marvelous transition of Israel through Jordan. I. The proviso that was made at that clip to continue the commemoration of it, by 12 rocks set up in Jordan ( v. 9 ) and other 12 rocks taken up out of Jordan ( v. 1-8 ) . II. The March of the people through Jordan? s channel, the two folks foremost, so all the people, and the priests that bore the Ark last ( v. 10? 14 ) . III. The shutting of the Waterss once more upon their coming up with the Ark ( v. 15? 19 ) . IV. The erection of the memorial in Gilgal, to continue the recollection of this work of admiration to descendants ( v. 20? 24 ) . Chapter 5 Israel have now got over Jordan, and the Waterss which had opened before them, to favor their March frontward, are closed once more behind them, to prohibit their retreat backward. They have now got terms in Canaan, and must use themselves to the conquering of it, in order to which this chapter tells us, I. How their enemies were dispirited ( v. 1 ) . II. What was done at their first landing to help and promote them. 1. The compact of Circumcision was renewed ( v. 2-9 ) . 2. The banquet of the Passover was celebrated ( v. 10 ) . 3. Their cantonment was victualled with the maize of the land, whereupon the manna ceased ( v. 11, 12 ) . 4. The captain of the Lord? s host himself appeared to Joshua to inspire and direct him ( v. 13? 15 ) . Chapter 6 Joshua opened the run with the besieging of Jericho, a metropolis which could non swear so much to the bravery of its people as to move offensively, and to direct out its forces to oppose Israel? s landing and encamping, but trusted so much to the strength of its walls as to stand upon its defense mechanism, and non to give up, or desire conditions of peace. Now here we have the narrative of the pickings of it, I. The waies and confidences which the captain of the Lord? s host gave refering it ( v. 1-5 ) . II. The test of the people? s patient obeisance in walking round the metropolis six yearss ( v. 6? 14 ) . III. The fantastic bringing of it into their custodies the 7th twenty-four hours, with a grave charge to them to utilize it as a devoted thing ( v. 15? 21 and 24 ) . IV. The saving of Rahab and her dealingss ( v. 22, 23, 25 ) . V. A expletive pronounced upon the adult male that should make bold to reconstruct this metropolis ( v. 26, 27 ) . An abstract of this narrative we find among the trophies of religion, Heb. 11:30. # 8220 ; By faith the walls of Jericho fell down, after they were compassed about seven days. ? ? Chapter 7 More than one time we have found the personal businesss of Israel, even when they were in the happiest position and gave the most hopeful chances, perplexed and embarrassed by wickedness, and a stop thereby put to the most promising proceedings. The aureate calf, the mutter at Kadesh, and the wickedness of Peor, had broken their steps and given them great perturbation ; and in this chapter we have such another case of the break given to the advancement of their weaponries by wickedness. But it being merely the wickedness of one individual or household, and shortly expiated, the effects were non so arch as of those other wickednesss ; nevertheless it served to allow them cognize that they were still upon their good behavior. We have here, I. The wickedness of Achan in tampering with the accurst thing ( v. 1 ) . II. The licking of Israel before Ai thereupon ( v. 2-5 ) . III. Joshua? s humiliation and supplication on juncture of that sad catastrophe ( v. 6-9 ) . IV. The waies God gave h im for the seting off of the guilt which had provoked God therefore to postulate with them ( v. 10? 15 ) . V. The find, test, strong belief, disapprobation, and executing, of the felon, by which the choler of God was turned away ( v. 16? 26 ) . And by this narrative it appears that, as the Torahs, so Canaan itself, # 8220 ; made nil perfect, ? ? the flawlessness both of sanctity and peace to God? s Israel is to be expected in the heavenly Canaan merely. Chapter 8 The embarrassment which Achan? s wickedness gave to the personal businesss of Israel being over, we have them here in a really good position once more, the personal businesss both of war and faith. Here is, I. The glorious advancement of their weaponries in the pickings of Ai, before which they had recently suffered shame. 1. God encourages Joshua to assail it, with the confidence of success, and directs him what method to take ( v. 1, 2 ) . 2. Joshua gives orders consequently to the work forces of war ( v. 3-8 ) . 3. The ploy is managed as it was projected, and succeeds as it was desired ( v. 9? 22 ) . 4. Joshua becomes maestro of this metropolis, puts all the dwellers to the blade, burns it, hangs the male monarch, but gives the loot to the soldiers ( v. 23? 29 ) . II. The great sedateness of authorship and reading the jurisprudence before a general assembly of all Israel, drawn up for that intent upon the two mountains of Gerizim and Ebal, harmonizing to an order which Moses had r eceived from the Lord, and delivered to them ( v. 30? 35 ) . Therefore did they take their work before them, and do the concern of their faith to maintain gait with their secular concern. Chapter 9 Here is in this chapter, I. The impolite Confederacy of the male monarchs of Canaan against Israel ( v. 1, 2 ) . II. The polite Confederacy of the dwellers of Gibeon with Israel, 1. How it was subtly proposed and petitioned for by the Gibeonites feigning to come from a far state ( v. 3? 13 ) . 2. How it was unwarily consented to by Joshua and the Israelites, to the disgust of the fold when the fraud was discovered ( v. 14? 18 ) . 3. How the affair was adjusted to the satisfaction of all sides, by giving these Gibeonites their lives because they had covenanted with them, yet striping them of their autonomies because the compact was non reasonably obtained ( v. 19? 27 ) . Chapter 10 We have in this chapter an history of the conquering of the male monarchs and lands of the southern portion of the land of Canaan, as, in the following chapter, of the decrease of the northern parts, which together completed the glorious successes of the wars of Canaan. In this chapter we have an history, I. Of the routing of their forces in the field, in which observe, 1. Their Confederacy against the Gibeonites ( v. 1-5 ) . 2. The Gibeonites? petition to Joshua to help them ( v. 6 ) . 3. Joshua? s speeds March under Godhead encouragement for their alleviation ( v. 7-9 ) . 4. The licking of the ground forcess of these Confederate male monarchs ( v. 10, 11 ) . 5. The marvelous prolonging of the twenty-four hours by the standing still of the Sun in favor of the vanquishers ( v. 12? 14 ) . II. Of the executing of the male monarchs that escaped out of the conflict ( v. 15? 27 ) . III. Of the pickings of the peculiar metropoliss, and the entire devastation of all that were found in them. Makkedah ( v. 28 ) . Libnah ( v. 29, 30 ) . Lachish ( v. 31, 32 ) and the male monarch of Gezer that attempted its deliverance ( v. 33 ) . Eglon ( v. 34, 35 ) . Hebron ( v. 36, 37 ) . Debir ( v. 38, 39 ) . And the delivery of all that state into the custodies of Israel ( v. 40? 42 ) . And, in conclusion, the return of the ground forces to the head-quarters ( v. 43 ) . Chapter 11 This chapter continues and concludes the history of the conquering of Canaan ; of the decrease of the southern parts we had an history in the foregoing chapter, after which we may say Joshua allowed his forces some breathing-time ; now here we have the narrative of the war in the North, and the happy success of that war. I. The Confederacy of the northern Crowns against Israel ( v. 1-5 ) . II. The encouragement which God gave to Joshua to prosecute them ( v. 6 ) . III. His triumph over them ( v. 7-9 ) . IV. The pickings of their metropoliss ( v. 10? 15 ) . V. The devastation of the Anakim ( v. 21, 22 ) . VI. The general decision of the narrative of this war ( v. 16? 20, 23 ) . Chapter 12 This chapter is a sum-up of Israel? s conquerings. I. Their conquerings under Moses, on the other side Jordan ( for we now suppose ourselves in Canaan ) due east, which we had the history of, Num. 21:24, etc. And here the condensation of that history ( v. 1-6 ) . II. Their conquerings under Joshua, on this side Jordan, westward. 1. The state they reduced ( v. 7, 8 ) . 2. The male monarchs they subdued, thirty-one in all ( v. 9? 24 ) . And this comes in here, non merely as a decision of the history of the wars of Canaan ( that we might at one position see what they had got ) , but as a foreword to the history of the dividing of Canaan, that all that might be put together which they were non to do a distribution of. Chapter 13 At this chapter begins the history of the dividing of the land of Canaan among the folks of Israel by batch, a narrative non so entertaining and informative as that of the conquering of it, and yet it is thought tantrum to be inserted in the sacred history, to exemplify the public presentation of the promise made to the male parents, that this land should be given to the seed of Jacob, to them and non to any other. The preserving of this distribution would be of great usage to the Judaic state, who were obliged by the jurisprudence to maintain up this first distribution, and non to reassign heritages from folk to tribe, Num. 36:9. It is similarly of usage to us for the explaining of other Bibles: the learned cognize how much light the geographical description of a state gives to the history of it. And therefore we are non to jump over these chapters of difficult names as useless and non to be regarded ; where God has a oral cavity to talk and a manus to compose we should happen an ea r to hear an oculus to read ; and God give us a bosom to gain! In this chapter, I. God informs Joshua what parts of the state that were intended in the grant to Israel yet remained unbeaten, and non got in ownership ( v. 1-6 ) . II. He appoints him, notwithstanding, to do a distribution of what was conqu ered ( v. 7 ) . III. To finish this history, here is a repeat of the distribution Moses had made of the land on the other side Jordan ; in general ( v. 8? 14 ) , in peculiar, the batch of Reuben ( v. 15? 23 ) , of Gad ( v. 24? 28 ) , of the half folk of Manasseh ( v. 29? 33 ) . Chapter 14 Here is, I. The general method that was taken in spliting the land ( v. 1-5 ) . II. The demand Caleb made of Hebron, as his by promise, and hence non to be put into the batch with the remainder ( v. 6? 12 ) . And Joshua? s grant of that demand ( v. 13? 15 ) . This was done at Gilgal, which was as yet their head-quarters. Chapter 15 Though the land was non wholly conquered, yet being ( as was said in the stopping point of the predating chapter ) as remainder from war for the present, and their ground forcess all drawn out of the field to a general rendezvous at Gilgal, there they began to split the land, though the work was afterwards perfected at Shiloh, ch. 18:1, etc. In this chapter we have the batch of the folk of Judah, which in this, as in other things, had the precedence. I. The boundary lines or bounds of the heritage of Judah ( v. 1? 12 ) . II. The peculiar assignment of Hebron and the state thereabout to Caleb and his household ( v. 13? 19 ) . III. The names of the several metropoliss that fell within Judah? s batch ( v. 20? 63 ) . Chapter 16 It is a commiseration that this and the undermentioned chapter should be separated, for both of them give us the batch of the kids of Joseph, Ephraim and Manasseh, who, following to Judah, were to hold the station of honor, and hence had the first and best part in the northern portion of Canaan, as Judah now had in the southern portion. In this chapter we have, I. A general history of the batch of these two folks together ( v. 1-4 ) . II. The boundary lines of the batch of Ephraim in peculiar ( v. 5? 10 ) . That of Manasseh following in the following chapter. Chapter 17 The half folk of Manasseh comes following to be provided for ; and here we have, I. The households of that folk that were to be portioned ( v. 1-6 ) . II. The state that fell to their batch ( v. 7? 13 ) . III. The joint petition of the two folks that descended from Joseph, for the expansion of their batch, and Joshua? s reply to that petition ( v. 14? 18 ) . Chapter 18 In this chapter we have, I. The puting up of the Tabernacle at Shiloh ( v. 1 ) . II. The stirring up of the seven folks that were yet unsettled to look after their batch, and the seting of them in a method for it, by Joshua ( v. 2-7 ) . III. The distributing of the land into seven tonss, by certain work forces employed for that intent ( v. 8, 9 ) . IV. The determining of these seven parts to the seven folks yet unprovided for by batch ( v. 10 ) . V. The peculiar batch of the folk of Benjamin, the boundary lines of it ( v. 11? 20 ) . And the metropoliss contained in it ( v. 21? 28 ) . The other six tribes we shall happen good provided for in the following chapter. Chapter 19 In the description of the tonss of Judah and Benjamin we have an history both of the boundary lines that surrounded them and of the metropoliss contained in them. In that of Ephraim and Manasseh we have the boundary lines, but non the metropoliss ; in this chapter Simeon and Dan are described by their metropoliss merely, and non their boundary lines, because they lay really much within Judah, particularly the former ; the remainder have both their boundary lines described and their metropoliss names, particularly frontiers. Here is, I. The batch of Simeon ( v. 1-9 ) . II. Of Zebulun ( v. 10? 16 ) . III. Of Issachar ( v. 17? 23 ) . IV. Of Asher ( v. 24? 31 ) . V. Of Naphtali ( v. 32? 39 ) . VI. Of Dan ( v. 40? 48 ) . Last, The heritage assigned to Joshua himself and his ain household ( v. 49? 51 ) . Chapter 20 This short chapter is refering the metropoliss of safety, which we frequently read of in the Hagiographas of Moses, but this is the last clip that we find reference of them, for now that affair was exhaustively settled. Here is, I. The jurisprudence God gave refering them ( v. 1-6 ) . II. The people? s appellation of the peculiar metropoliss for that usage ( v. 7-9 ) . And this remedial jurisprudence was a figure of good things to come. Chapter 21 It had been frequently said that the folk of Levi should hold # 8220 ; no heritage with their brethren, ? ? no peculiar portion of the state assigned them, as the other folk had, no, non the state about Shiloh, which 1 might hold expected to be appropriated to them as the lands of the church ; but, though they were non therefore project into a state by themselves, it appears, by the proviso made for them in this chapter, that they were no also-rans, but the remainder of the folks were really much gainers, by their being dispersed. We have here, I. The gesture they made to hold their metropoliss assigned them, harmonizing to God? s assignment ( v. 1, 2 ) . II. The nomination of the metropoliss consequently out of the several folks, and the distribution of them to the several households of this folk ( v. 3-8 ) . III. A catalogue of the metropoliss, 48 in all ( v. 9? 42 ) . IV. A reception entered in full of all that God had promised to his people Israel ( v. 43? 45 ) . Chapter 22 Many peculiar things we have read refering the two folks and a half, though nil separated them from the remainder of the folks except the river Jordan, and this chapter is entirely refering them. I. Joshua? s dismissal of the reserves of those folks from the cantonment of Israel, in which the had served as aides, during all the wars of Canaan, and their return thereupon to their ain state ( v. 1-9 ) . II. The communion table they built on the boundary lines of Jordan, in item of their Communion with the land of Israel ( v. 10 ) . III. The offense which the remainder of the folks took at this communion table, and the message they sent thereupon ( v. 11? 20 ) . IV. The apology which the two folks and a half made for what they had done ( v. 21? 29 ) . V. The satisfaction which their apology gave to the remainder of the folk ( v. 30? 34 ) . And ( which is unusual ) , whereas in most differences that happen there is a mistake on both sides, on this there was mistake on no side ; none ( fo r nothing that appears ) were to be blamed, but all to be praised. Chapter 23 In this and the undermentioned chapter we have two farewell discourses, which Joshua preached to the people of Israel a small before his decease. Had he designed to satisfy the wonder of wining ages, he would instead hold recorded the method of Israel? s colony in their new conquerings, their farming, makers, trade, imposts, tribunals of justness, and the fundamental laws of their infant commonwealth, which one would wish to be informed of ; but that which he intended in the registries of this book was to imply on descendants a sense of faith and their responsibility to God ; and hence, overlooking these things which are the usual topics of a common history, he here transmits to his reader the methods he took to carry Israel to be faithful to their compact with their God, which might hold a good influence on the coevalss to come who should read those logical thinkings, as we may trust they had on that coevals which so heard them. In this chapter we have, I. A convention of the provin ces called ( v. 1, 2 ) , likely to confer with about the common concerns of their land, and to put in order that which, after some old ages? test, being left to their prudence, was found desiring. II. Joshua? s address to them as the gap, or possibly at the concluding, of the Sessionss, to hear which was the chief design of their coming together. In it, 1. Joshua reminds them of what God had done for them ( v. 3, 4, 9, 14 ) , and what he was ready to make yet farther ( v. 5, 10 ) . 2. He exhorts them carefully and resolutely to persist in their responsibility to God ( v. 6, 8, 11 ) . III. He cautions them against all acquaintance with their idolatrous neighbors ( v. 7 ) . IV. He gives them just warning of the fatal effects of it, if they should revolt from God and turn to idols ( v. 12, 13, 15, 16 ) . In all this he showed himself avid for his God, and covetous over Israel with a reverent green-eyed monster. Chapter 24 This chapter concludes the life and reign of Joshua, in which we have, I. The great attention and pains he took to corroborate the people of Israel in the true religion and worship of God, that they might, after his decease, persevere in this. In order to this he called another general assembly of the caputs of the fold of Israel ( v. 1 ) and dealt with them. 1. By manner of narrative, telling the great things God had done for them and their male parents ( v. 2? 13 ) . 2. By manner of charge to them, in consideration thereof, to function God ( v. 14 ) . 3. By manner of pact with them, wherein he aims to convey them, ( 1. ) To do faith their deliberate pick ; and they did so, with grounds for their pick ( v. 15? 18 ) . ( 2. ) To do it their determinate pick, and to decide to adhere to it ( v. 19? 24 ) . 4. By manner of compact upon that pact ( v. 25? 28 ) . II. The decision of this history, with, 1. The decease and entombment of Joshua ( v. 29, 30 ) and Eleazar ( v. 33 ) , and the ref erence of the entombment of Joseph? s castanetss upon that juncture ( v. 32 ) . 2. A general history of the province of Israel at that clip ( v. 31 ) . The Book of Ruth Chapter 1 In this chapter we have Naomi? s afflictions. I. As a hard-pressed housekeeper, forced by dearth to take into the land of Moab ( v. 1, 2 ) . II. As a plaintive widow and female parent, deploring the decease of her hubby and her two boies ( v. 3-5 ) . III. As a careful mother-in-law, wishful to be sort to her two girls, but at a loss how to be so when she returns to her ain state ( v. 6? 13 ) . Orpah she parts with in sorrow ( v. 14 ) . Ruth she takes with her in fright ( v. 15? 18 ) . IV. As a hapless adult female sent back to the topographic point of her first colony, to be supported by the kindness of her friends ( v. 19? 22 ) . All these things were melancholy and seemed against her, and yet all were working for good. Chapter 2 There is barely any chapter in all the sacred history that stoops so low as this to take awareness of so intend a individual as Ruth, a hapless Moabitish widow, so intend an action as her reaping maize in a neighbor? s field, and the minute fortunes thereof. But all this was in order to her being grafted into the line of Christ and taken in among his ascendants, that she might be a figure of the bridals of the Gentile church to Christ, Isa. 54:1. This makes the narrative singular ; and many of the transitions of it are informative and really improvable. Here we have, I. Ruth? s humbleness and industry in glittering maize, Providence directing her to Boaz? s field ( v. 1-3 ) . II. The great favor which Boaz showed to her in many cases ( v. 4? 16 ) . III. The return of Ruth to her mother-in-law ( v. 18? 23 ) . Chapter 3 We found it really easy, in the former chapter, to clap the decency of Ruth? s behavior, and to demo what good usage we may do of the history given us of it ; but in this chapter we shall hold much bustle to justify it from the imputation of indecency, and to salvage it from holding an ailment usage made of it ; but the goodness of those times was such as saved what is recorded here from being sick done, and yet the badness of these times is such as that it will non warrant any now in making the similar. Here is, I. The waies Naomi gave to her daughter-in-law how to claim Boaz for her hubby ( v. 1-5 ) . II. Ruth? s punctual observation of those waies ( v. 6, 7 ) . III. The sort and honorable intervention Boaz gave her ( v. 8? 15 ) . IV. Her return to her mother-in-law ( v. 16? 18 ) . Chapter 4 In this chapter we have the nuptials between Boaz and Ruth, in the fortunes of which there was something uncommon, which is kept upon record for the illustration, non merely of the jurisprudence refering the marrying of a brother? s widow ( Deu. 25:5, etc. ) , for instances help to elaborate Torahs, but of the Gospel excessively, for from this matrimony descended David, and the Son of David, whose bridals to the Gentile church were herewith typified. We are here told, I. How Boaz got clear of his challenger, and reasonably shook him off ( v. 1-8 ) . II. How his matrimony with Ruth was publically solemnized, and attended with the good wants of his neighbors ( v. 9? 12 ) . III. The happy issue that descended from this matrimony, Obed, the gramps of David ( v. 13? 17 ) . And so the book concludes with the lineage of David ( v. 18? 22 ) . Possibly it was to compel him that the blest Spirit directed the inserting of this narrative in the sacred canon, he being wishful that the virtuousnes ss of his great-grandmother Ruth, together with her Gentile extraction and the remarkable Providences that attended her, should be transmitted to descendants. 337

Role of Philosophy in Project Management Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Role of Philosophy in Project Management. Answer: Introduction: Construction projects require technical experts and experienced project managers who can handle unique challenges in the project. They have to adopt a proactive approach to enhance the value of the project and activities associated with it (Konstantinou and Mller, 2016). Similarly, they have to take into account the risks and constraints in construction. There are three measures of success of a construction project. It includes time, budget and quality standards. But it has been found that many projects extend their budgets and time schedules. This can be due to poor communication, change in scope and difficulties with controls. Apart from this, there are many external factors which have to be considered during the process such as regulations, weather, geology, environment and interest of stakeholders. This essay has been based on PRINCE2 methodology of project management. This method allows project managers to integrate different systems and they can adapt to the changing demands of the project. Apart from this, they get series of actions which influences the success of the project in a positive way. PRINCE2 methodology has been applied for the construction of Quota Park pathway in Queensland, Australia. The phases and justification of the PRINCE2 method in Quota Park pathway construction has been included in the report. Projects In controlled Environment (PRINCE2) provide an organized and logical based method to complete the task (Martens and Carvalho, 2016). It is a process driven method which helps in effective construction project management. Contraction projects include many people such as suppliers, contractors, customers, clients, employees and stakeholders. PRINCE2 can be very useful for projects manager and sponsors because it uses a common language which can be communicated easily. It helps in stakeholder management and collaboration. Apart from this, this methodology can be applied to any contractual framework. It clear defines the responsibilities and roles of different people associated with the project (Alotaibi and Mafimisebi, 2016). Quality management and planning is done in advance so as to avoid any hurdles during the process. Team members make sure that quality standard is maintained and this is done by testing and reviewing at regular intervals. PRINCE2 can be beneficial for the c onstruction project of Quota shared pathways. It will make sure that the project delivers quality results in the given time and budget (Verzuh, 2015). The project manager can use this systematic approach to gather information during the project which will allow him to accomplish all the objectives. The series of process in PRINCE2 includes organizing, planning, controlling and reviewing. In the present case study, a pathway has to be constructed in Quota Shared Park which is located in Mackay, Queensland. There will be separate pathways for bikers and other visitors. This project has been authenticated by the Mackay Regional Council who wants to connect the pathway to the facilities, centers for recreation and offices. The pathway will link the facilities with each other which will be beneficial for the visitors (Banihashemi, Hosseini and Sankaran, 2017). This project will require different equipments, materiel, laborers and support system. Apart from this, the management has certain requirements which have to be taken care of before formulation of plans and outlines. Project manager has to ensure high quality and should complete all the activities as per the schedule and cost. Construction projects involve complexities which can affect the performances of the project. Team members have to make sure that they follow their plans so as to avoid any difficulties. But many project managers fail to take into consideration all the essentials details for the project. PRINCE2 methodology allows them to effective manage the operations and processes (Richard, Sorooshian and Shariman, 2016). It helps in the development of an implementation and execution plan which contributes to the success of the construction project. The main benefit of this method is that it can be modified according to the requirements of the organisation. It is based on principles which include justification of business, learning with experience, defining the roles, stages and process management process, exception management, product delivery and altering the project environment (Chari and Agrawal, 2017). On the other hand, the main themes of PRINCE2 methodology consists of business, organisation , planning, quality control, risk assessment, change management and progress monitoring. It helps in reducing the impact of decision making, unpredictability, staff movement, employees and stakeholder management. It allows the project manager to create a layout along with a model for the pathway construction project (Sears, Sears and Segner, 2015). There are seven processes of PRINCE2 methodology of management which have been given below: Project briefing and starting: In this stage, project manager appoints team members and produces a project brief. Similarly, this stage can allow the manager to decide the approach for the development of Quota Shares Park pathway and bikeways. He can decide about the initiation stage with the help of team members (Drouin, Sankaran and Muller, 2016). The main activities which are included are Creation of board, appointment of project manager and team members, formation of project briefs, deciding the approach and understanding the project from previous experiences. It will allow project manager and sponsors to take care of the requirements and nerds of Mackay Regional Council in the construction of the Quota Shares Park pathway. Initiation stage: This stage helps in the development of startup procedures and it consists of many important activities (Papke-Shields and Boyer-Wright, 2017). It includes planning, creation of quality standards, analysis risks and cases, devolvement of project controls and documentation. Project manager can create documents which will be required during the project. It will include controls, quality methods and overall plan. It has to be approved by the senior managers and other stakeholders. Quota Shares Park pathway requires certain deliverables which can be documented so that the workers and team members can work on it (Rahmanian, 2014). These documents can be very useful in understanding the progress of the construction project. Directing: The board of the project has to approve the documentation and plan created in the initiation stage. The stage involves project sponsors and executives who suggest changes and creates exception plans (Glaiel, Moulton and Madnick, 2014). These plans can be useful in any unforeseen events occurring during the project. It is important for the project manager to take care of the outcome of the project rather than following the plan blindly. The Board also gives direction to the entire project including ad hoc and project closure. This stage of PRINCE2 will allow Quota Shares Park pathway to use a systematic approach and it will increase the chances of project success. This stage defines all the risks and hurdles that may arise during the project. The plans are created to handle such issues without delaying the project (Nelson and Morris, 2014). Controlling: PRINCE2 methodology believes in breaking down activities into smaller tasks. The project manager of Quota Shares Park pathway has to create small tasks and decision has to be taken to control each one of them (Gollenia, 2016). The monitoring process as well as reporting procedures is decided at this stage. Monitoring and reporting is essential because it allows the managers to compare the actual progress with the plans and outlines created in the initiation stage. Corrective measures are taken by the project measures to avoid any deviation from the plan. PRINCE2 is suitable for the pathway construction because Mackay Regional Council has many requirements which have to deliver by the project. Product delivery: The main activities involved in this ate of PRINCE2 methodology is accepting the work packages, executing and delivering them effectively (Guth and Marsh, 2016). The management of deliverables is taken care of in this stage of the model. It ensures that the work is allocated to tem members who understand it. There should be proper communication between project managers, team, suppliers and workers. They have to understand their roles and work according to the plans (Martens and Carvalho, 2016). Apart from this, they should have details about Quota Shares Park pathway and its deliverables, time frame, schedules and budget. Management of stage boundaries: This stage of PRINCE2 decides the decision which has to be taken at the end of the stage. This stage pays an important role in deciding the processes which has surpassed the tolerance level of the project (Heagney, 2016). The key activities which are included in this stage are preparation of risk register, change management, updating the plans and business case, creation of exception plan and setting reporting authorities. PRINCE2 model reduces risks and allows the project to change its scope so as to focus on the outcome of the project. The performance of Quota Shares Park pathway construction will improve with the help of this process of the methodology. Closure: The closure stage covers all the activities such as decommissioning, preparation of follow up actions, review plans and project evaluation. It analyzes the benefits of the project including the resources and materials (Banihashemi, Hosseini and Sankaran, 2017). PRINCE2 method allows project managers to integrate different systems and activities together. They can adapt to the changing demands of the project which ensures the timely completion of all the activities as per the schedule. It will help in effective management and collaboration of tasks and systems in Quota Shares Park pathway construction project. Justification of PRINCE2 methodology PRINCE2 method is suitable for Quota Shares Park pathway construction project. It allows the project manager to adapt to the changing demands of the environment. There are many unpredictable events which can occur during the process. It not only affects the quality of the project but it causes unwanted delays (Richard, Sorooshian and Shariman, 2016). PRINCE2 methodology allows the manager to take into consideration all the risks and hurdles which may occur. He can change the scope and updates the plan so as to complete the project in the desired time. This method provides flexibility which is essential in construction projects because they are large and complex in nature. Many projects extend their budgets and time schedules. This can be due to poor communication, change in scope or controls issues (Konstantinou and Mller, 2016). PRINCE2 method will eliminate all these issues from the Quota Shares Park pathway construction project. They will be able to complete all the in the stipula te time and cost. Furthermore, it will guide the team and they will be able to track their performance. The tasks are divided into smaller groups which makes it possible for the manager to establish effective control. The review and measurement plans allow him to track any deviation and establish corrective controls to remove the defects. PRINCE2 methodology contributes in effective management of operations and different processes. It helps in the development of an implementation and development plan which improves the success of the construction project (Drouin, Sankaran and Muller, 2016). Quota Shares Park pathway construction project has to adopt the processes of the PRINCE2 model which includes project briefing, initiating the project, directing plan, controlling, managing all the deliverables, stage boundary and execution of the project. PRINCE2 is beneficial for the construction project because it uses systematic approach. It will make sure that the project commencing ensuring quality results in the stipulated time and budget (Glaiel, Moulton and Madnick, 2014). The project manager can use this method to ensure effective management. Conclusion Project management methodologies provide a systematic sequential process for achieving the objectives of the construction project. It helps the team and project manager to gain understanding of all the related activities in the process. It not only improves the performance but it also ensures high quality during the project. Quota park construction of pathways and bikeways involves different activities, laborers, devices and equipments. PRINCE 2 methodologies can help the manager to coordinate all these activities to accomplish the objectives. The deliverables can be produced in the given time schedule and without any delays. Construction projects involve huge funds and investment. A slight delay in the schedule can cause losses to the client. Hence, the project manager should adopt PRINCE2 method in the contractions of pathway in Mackay region. References Alotaibi, A.B. and Mafimisebi, O.P., 2016. Project Management Practice: Redefining Theoretical Challenges in the 21st Century. Project Management, 7(1). Banihashemi, S., Hosseini, M.R., Golizadeh, H. and Sankaran, S., 2017. Critical success factors (CSFs) for integration of sustainability into construction project management practices in developing countries. International Journal of Project Management. Chari, K. and Agrawal, M., 2017. Impact of incorrect and new requirements on waterfall software project outcomes. Empirical Software Engineering, pp.1-21. Drouin, N., Sankaran, S. and Muller, R., 2016. The nature of organizational project management and its role as an organizational capability. Manageable Cooperation?. Glaiel, F.S., Moulton, A. and Madnick, S.E., 2014. Agile project dynamics: A system dynamics investigation of agile software development methods. Gollenia, L.A., 2016. Business Transformation Management Methodology. Routledge. Guth, D.W. and Marsh, C., 2016. Public relations: A values-driven approach. Pearson Heagney, J., 2016. Fundamentals of project management. AMACOM Div American Mgmt Assn. Konstantinou, E. and Mller, R., 2016. The role of philosophy in project management. Project Management Journal, 47(3), pp.3-11 Martens, M.L. and Carvalho, M.M., 2016. The challenge of introducing sustainability into project management function: multiple-case studies. Journal of Cleaner Production, 117, pp.29-40. Nelson, R.R. and Morris, M.G., 2014. IT Project Estimation: Contemporary Practices and Management Guidelines. MIS Quarterly Executive, 13(1). Papke-Shields, K.E. and Boyer-Wright, K.M., 2017. Strategic planning characteristics applied to project management. International Journal of Project Management, 35(2), pp.169-179. Rahmanian, M., 2014. A comparative study on hybrid IT project management. International Journal of Computer and Information Technology, 3(05), pp.1096-1099. Richard, H.A., Sorooshian, S. and Shariman, M., 2016. Lean Construction: An Effective Approach for Project Management. ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 11(3), pp.1607-1612. Sears, S.K., Sears, G.A., Clough, R.H., Rounds, J.L. and Segner, R.O., 2015. Construction project management. John Wiley Sons. Verzuh, E., 2015. The fast forward MBA in project management. John Wiley Sons.

Why We Are Responsible For Being Born

In our societies, persons identify themselves with individual and group identities. Every person is considered to be related to a certain race, religion, and other social aspects of life (Appiah, 2005). Identity refers to the unique characteristics that an individual or a group possesses.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Why We Are Responsible For Being Born specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The characteristics of a certain group influence whether an individual will remain or leave the group. Each group has unique social, political, and economic characteristics that are depicted in the behavior of each member. Cultural studies indicate that every person has unique identifiers such as nationality, race, ethnicity, history, religious beliefs, and language. In developed countries such as the United States of America, UK, and France, group identity is based on the social values and practices (Appiah, 2005). In this art icle, the events that led to the acquittal of George Zimmerman are analyzed with the aim of illustrating how tension between individual identity and group identity arises and how it can be resolved. The killing of Trayvon Martin by Zimmerman has never been documented with certainty. However, it is apparent that the two persons were from two different races (Yancy, 2013). Martin was an African-American, while Zimmerman is white American. The racial identity of Martin must have been the main cause that led to his killing. Therefore, it can be argued that Martin’s group identity and not his individual identity played a huge role in his demise. In the US, racial conflicts between the whites and blacks have existed for a long time. However, in some few scenarios murder cases between members of same races have been reported (Yancy, 2013). On 26 February 2012, the fateful day that Martin was murdered, Zimmerman was watching over the neighborhood in Sanford, Florida. Zimmerman was th en a community security guard and had a gun. Coincidentally, Martin had moved to stay temporarily in the Sanford neighborhood.Advertising Looking for essay on ethnicity studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It is reported that when Zimmerman spotted Martin walking around the neighborhood, he immediately informed the police. The police advised him not to confront the minor, but he ignored their orders and proceeded to confront the minor. What Zimmerman feared most was burglary related crimes. According to the context of the murder, it is clear that he believed that the blacks engage in burglary crimes. Because Martin was an African American, Zimmerman must have thought that the minor was up to something bad in the neighborhood. As such, Zimmerman intentions were prejudiced by the minor’s group identity. When Zimmerman confronted Martin, the two broke into a fight where he injured his nose. During the fight, Zimmerman shot Martin killing him on the spot. He later argued that he shot Martin while defending himself. It is apparent that Zimmerman did not take time to consider the individual identity of Martin, but instead judged him based on his group identity. Similarly, it is clear that Zimmerman did not interrogate the identity of Martin and the reason why he was walking around the neighborhood. If he had waited for the police to arrive and investigate Martin’s actions, he could not have killed him. Through this, he would have discovered that Martin was living temporarily in the neighborhood. Equally, he could have discovered that Martin was not a criminal despite being an African American. In addition, he would have realized that Martin was a minor. Therefore, the above conflicts are blamed on the tension between individual identity and group identity. Based on the above illustrations, it is apparent that Martin was a victim of group identity. For a very long time, African Americans have been associated with criminal acts such as burglary by the majority whites. Through this, some African individuals have been persecuted and even jailed for being black despite the fact that there were lawful individuals (Yancy, 2013).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Why We Are Responsible For Being Born specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In the case study, Martin was an innocent person and not a criminal as supposed by his attacker (Yancy, 2013). Based on Beller‘s arguments that we should be responsible for the actions of our groups, Martin bore the responsibility of being born into a black race. In his case, the group identity is stronger than the individual identity and it is the sole reason for his murder After the killings, Zimmerman was not arrested for the offense because he argued that he was defending himself and there were no evidence to prove otherwise. However, it is clear that he was not apprehen ded immediately because of his racial background. If Zimmerman came from African American background and Martin came from Caucasian origin, Zimmerman would have been apprehended by the police after the offense for further questioning. The above illustrations confirms Beller‘s arguments that group identity and individual identity have led to conflicts in our societies. The murder of Martin and acquaintance of Zimmerman demonstrated a degree of negligence on racial killing acts in the US (Pietruszynski, 2008). The group identity in most cases conflicts with the individual identity. In fact, Americans perceive the group identity to be more significant. As such, they base most of their judgment on group identity. The murder case of Martin attracted public attention and led to series of protests condemning the act. Most importantly, the public and other government agencies were furious because the murderer had not been arrested (Pietruszynski, 2008). Because Zimmerman was acquitted , I believe that the conflict in the American society concerning the group identity and individual identity has never been solved (Yancy, 2013). Therefore, as Beller argues Americans will still be accountable for dealing with injustices that result from their group identity regardless of whether they are responsible for the situations (Pietruszynski, 2008).Advertising Looking for essay on ethnicity studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Although conflicts exist between individual identity and group identity, it is unfair for individuals to be responsible for the actions they encounter in their lives. Despite the existence of the shared social characteristics, group judgment should not be used to discriminate against individuals. It is also true that the group action do not predict the behavior of an individual. Based on the above illustration, it is apparent that tensions between individual identity and group identity usually arise in our society. The circumstances determine why a person would choose to engage or not to engage more as a group member. The characteristics of a certain group influence whether an individual will remain or leave the group. The characteristics are dependent on the values and social facts of a particular group such as social, political, and economic factors that the group upholds. Depending on the context, individual identity at certain times conflict with the group identity. When there i s no clear boundary between the individual and group identity, then tension arises, hence the Beller’s conclusion on why we are responsible for being born holds. References Appiah, A. (2005). The ethics of identity. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Pietruszynski, J. (2008). Race, gender, and human identity in a diverse society: an anthology (9th ed.). Acton, Mass.: Tapestry Press. Yancy, G. (2013). Pursuing Trayvon Martin: historical contexts and contemporary manifestations of racial dynamics. Lanham: Lexington Boos. This essay on Why We Are Responsible For Being Born was written and submitted by user Archer Wiley to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

History of Chinese Calligraphy essays

History of Chinese Calligraphy essays Chinese calligraphy, over the long ages of evolution, has developed various styles and schools, constituting an important part of the heritage of national culture. To obtain a better understanding of Chinese calligraphy, it is imperative to understand the history of Chinese writing and how it evolved over time. The oldest known written language discovered was Jia Gu Wen(also known as Oracle Bone). Characters were carved onto Jia Gu which meant tortoise shell and bone. Characters at the period of time closely relate to the appearances of the objects. For example, the character for man consisted of a curved line representing the head, body and leg of a person with another line joined to it which represented the arms. It was the main written language used in Shang dynasty (1600B.C. 1046 B.C.) but it was possibly still used up to West Zhou dynasty (1046B.C-771B.C.). Da Zhuan characters were used from late Shang dynasty to Zhou Dynasty. They were complicated and contained a fair amount of detail. The characters often contained a little story within them which led to the complexity. There were no standard scripts and the same character may be written differently by calligraphers from different locations. An example was the character for fish, one version had three fins and the other had four fi ns, however their general appearances were similar. In 221 B.C., Qin Shi Huang united the old China. Da Zhuan was simplified and stardardised to form Xiao Zhuan which was the official form of writing used in Qin dynasty. Some characters were similar to modern day writing, including the character for car which was essentially the same as the modern version. Li Shu was also very popular at this period of time because it was much more flowing and better adapted to writing with brushes. Li Shu characters resemble most modern characters with differences usually in angle of strokes. During common ...

Twelve questions in Management Information System Assignment

Twelve questions in Management Information System - Assignment Example In the â€Å"conversations† that introduce the textbook chapters thus far, Lucas Massey, the IT Director, tends to get a lot of pressure from his colleagues at GearUP. He has suggested approaches that do not align with the company’s strategy, and several times, when he has attempted to explain his perspective, he and his co-workers get frustrated. Using the skills gained in this course it will be easy for me to manage a situation like this in my job experience. In simple terms, I will just employ quality communication and teamwork skills to ensure that we as a team speak one a language. In addition, to ensure that the targeted MIS ends up a successful project, I will involve most of the key company stakeholders (both I.T professionals and other workers or targeted users of the system) in the development and implementation of the MIS. Lastly but certainly not the least, I will work closely with all the team members to ensure that the MIS goes hand in hand with the business strategies of the company (Oz

What you learned in speech course Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

What you learned in speech course - Essay Example Previously I was very shy about talking out in public and standing up in front of a crowd. However, this speech course has helped me tremendously in boosting up my confidence level. Now not only am I able to present myself much more properly but I believe I am even more calm and composed as I deliver speeches. Before all this started I recall how much I used to shiver with the mere thought of getting on the stage to deliver a speech. But as I moved on with this course I discovered that having speaking related anxiety is as completely natural as anything else. I discovered that I was not the only person in the room who felt he couldn’t deliver, and there were a lot of other similar souls. There is a lot that I have learned from this speech course and time would run out if I start mentioning everything here. I believe this course has helped me a great deal in overcoming my fears to start off with. I always thought presenting to a crowd is a great deal and not everyone’s c apable of it. However, the day I stepped onto the podium my thinking changed and I left all my fears behind. It must be mentioned here that my instructor helped me a great deal with my speech and pointed out mistakes where I was wrong. This course, I believe has taught me to look inside my self and share my feelings with the audience. I learned that while delivering a speech you have to adjust your tone and message according to the audience’s feedback. I remember how I was rushing through my speech on automotive engines until I looked into the eyes of a couple of students in the audience. Their eyes zoomed me in like I was saying something alien to them. It was then that I realized that there’s something wrong with my presentation and adjusted I slowed down. This speech course this helped me figure out that speech delivery is all about adjustment to your audience’s feedback. It taught me you have to step into your audience’s shoes and figure out if you wo uld have understood the same had you been in their place. This speech course has also helped me a great deal in being able to speak clearly yet concisely and confidently. It made me realize the importance of proper speech delivery and the impact it can make on the life millions of people around you. I realized that developing upon your speech is not only essential in getting a good grade in this course but it helps you a lot in speaking out in tons of other important situations as well. I also learned that proper speech and presentations do not only help us to present ourselves effectively in front of others but help us get control of and master our lives. I also realized that it is our speech that makes us unique from thousands of people around the world. They say everyone’s equal and that fact is true but having command over proper speech is what distinguishes a learned person from an ill literate one and makes you stand out in front of a crowd. I would like to sum it all u p by saying this speech course has ideally changed the course of my life and how I used to see things. Now I believe if you can communicate properly and make yourself heard then you can overcome any obstacle in

Me, My Country and IR Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Me, My Country and IR - Essay Example According to the Morales (2), the conflict between the United States of America and Cuba has been there for a very long time. However, the conflict reached its peak when Cuba’s dictators took over power in 1959. The regime repressed political opponents, restricted fundamental freedoms, and violated human rights. The ensuing conflict made my grandfather to migrate from Cuba to the United States with several other disgruntled Cubans. De La Torre (34) found out that the Cuban-Americans are the third dominant Hispanic group in the U.S. certain areas have large populations of immigrant Cubans. Based on the 2010 census, there were 1,785,540 Cuban-Americans (both native and foreign born). South Florida alone has over 856,000 Cuban-Americans due to its proximity to Cuba (De La Torre, 45). The region stands out as the largest Cuban-American community. Furthermore, in 2013, a report by the American Community Survey found out that the number of Cuban-Americans has increased to 2,013,150 (Kami, 187-188). My grandfather migrated in the United States in the 19th century both as a labor immigrant as well as due to the authoritarian Cuban regime. Most of the immigrants considered the U.S. as a favored destination. Upon arrival, he told me he experienced various problems including inability to find stable work and language barrier which forced him to take English language classes. I have read in various articles that these problems are still experienced by immigrants. In 1960, the U.S. imposed an embargo on Cuba and later broke diplomatic relations with the nation in 1961. The dispute was as a result of the expropriation of American properties by the Cuban government combined with its decision to adopt a one-party communist way of governance. The U.S. blockaded Cuba in the process. Today, Cuba is the only blockaded nation globally. However, there is still debate on the U.S.

Problems Faced By Chinese Students

Problems Faced By Chinese Students This current research is titled as Problems faced by Chinese students in learning English language: A case study of S.M. Pei Yuan KAMPAR. This chapter consists of nine sections which is background of the study, statement of problem, purpose of study, significance of study, research question, scope of study, methodology, limitation and definition of key words. Background of the study Learning English language as second language (L2) is a big challenge for second language learners. Students still have problems with grammatical functions most of the time, although they have 11 years of English language exposure. Hence, this study focuses on the first language (L1) grammatical functions that interfere with Chinese learners of English as a second language. In Malaysia, there are numerous learners who have Chinese language as their L1. Most of them have problems in learning English language especially the English grammar. Learners are more or less likely to be influenced either positively or negatively by their first language. According to Hassan (2002), learners L1 background knowledge will affect them in learning English language especially in speaking and writing. As a result, the interference of L1 has become the major problem for Chinese ESL learners in the process of learning English especially in writing. Chinese ESL learners will get interference from their L1 when they write. It is because they will get influence by their L1 grammatical structure. Besides, the differences of syntactic between L1 and L2 also will affect them in writing. A few studies have reported that Chinese ESL learners will use their mother tongue to plan an outline before writing (Cumming, 1989; Jones Tetroe, 1987), transfer the writing context to English language by using their mother tongue (Edelsky, 1982; Friedlander, 1990; Lay, 1982). Second language learners will use their mother tongue in such circumstances and the interferences from L1 to L2 can either be positive or negative. Learners L1 will influence In this study, researcher will examines mother tongue influence on Chinese learners 1.2 Statement of Problem To learn English as second language, learners at least have to master four basic skills which are listening, reading, speaking and writing. However, seldom Chinese ESL learners can fully master the skills especially in writing. It is because the L1 interferes of English Language causes grammatical errors in the writing process. According to Nik Safiah (1978), this kind of grammatical error can be obviously found in Chinse ESL learners essay writing. The differences between L1 and L2 grammatical funtions intefere on students English essay writing process. As we know that mastering English Language is not an easy task especially for learners who study in Chinese independent schools. It is because they mostly will get inteferenced from their L1 and affect the way they learn English. As a result, Chinese learners will face difficulty in learning English grammatical functions such as tenses, subject-verb agreement or countable and uncountable nouns. Although Chinese learners have exposed to English language since primary one, the errors still occur. Chinese ESL learner make this kind of grammatical errors because they do not fully utilize the language even though they are able to use it. As the saying goes, practise makes perfect if the learners do not polish their English language even with years of exposure to the language, it will make no different. 1.3 Purpose of Study The purpose of this study is to find out if L1 interference have a significant effect on Chinese ESL learners English essay writing. Besides, this study is also to identify types of errors that Chinese ESL learners commonly make with English grammatical functions in the English essay writing. 1.4 Significance of Study Although learners learn English since the first day enter they school. However, most of them cannot fully master English as their second language. This study can help teachers to understand the problems that learners face when they are learning English. Besides, teachers can identify the influence of learners L1 in learning English and among the errors, they help to correct the grammar. This can help to reduce the inteference of L1 from happening to students learning English. 1.5 Research Questions Based on the problems and purpose mentioned in the earlier sections, this study will focus on two research questions which are: Does L1 interference have a significant effect on Chinese Learners English essay writing? What types of errors do Chinese ESL learners commonly make with English grammatical functions in the English essay writing? 1.6 Scope of Study The aims of this study is to identify the inteference of learners L1 in learning English language. Learner who study in S.M. PEI YUAN (P) KPR would be chosen as participate in the writing test. This study is using purposive sampling because only one class of Chinese ESL learners will be selected as participants. 1.7 Methodology This study will utilize a test to find out why Chinese ESL learners have problems in learning grammar. The learners will be asked to write a short essay. The topic of the essay is My family and learners have to write around 100-120 words each. This test will be distributed to the learners during their classes. Thus, they will take the test seriously and the results of the data collected will be more precise. 1.8 Limitation This study is designed for those whose first language is not English language and have L1 background knowledge. The survey will only be conducted with one class of learners who study in S.M. PEI YUAN (P) KPR. Thus, the result do not represented all Chinese ESL learners. 1.9 Definition of key words Inteference learners make an error in ther L2 which influnced by their L1 (Lott,1983:256).

The Criminalization of the Mentally Ill Essays -- Prison for Individua

Problem Analysis: The United States has the highest incarceration rate in the world and of that over sixty percent of jail inmates reported having a mental health issue and 316,000 of them are severely mentally ill (Raphael & Stoll, 2013). Correctional facilities in the United States have become the primary mental health institutions today (Adams & Ferrandino, 2008). This imprisonment of the mentally ill in the United States has increased the incarceration rate and has left those individuals medically untreated and emotionally unstable while in jail and after being released. Better housing facilities, medical treatment and psychiatric counseling can be helpful in alleviating their illness as well as upon their release. This paper will explore the increasing incarceration rate of the mentally ill in the jails and prisons of the United States, the lack of medical services available to the mentally ill, the roles of the police, the correctional officers and the community and the revolving door phenom enon (Soderstrom, 2007). It will also review some of the existing and present policies that have been ineffective and present new policies that can be effective with the proper resources and training. The main objective of this paper is to illustrate that the criminalization of the mentally ill has become a public health problem and that our policy should focus more on rehabilitation rather than punishment. A huge factor in the prevalence of mental health problems in United States prison and jail inmates is believed to be due to the policy of deinstitutionalization. Many of the mentally ill were treated in publicly funded hospitals up until the 1960’s. Due to budget cuts and underfunding of community mental health services we ... ...aluating mental health courts as an ideal mental health intervention. Best Practices in Mental Health, 21-37. Lamb, H. R. (2004). Mentally ill persons in the criminal justice system: Some perspectives. Psychiatric Quarterly, 108-126. Markowitz, F. E. (2011). Mental illness, crime, and violence: Risk, context, and social control. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 36-44. Raphael, S. &. (2013). Assessing the Contribution of the Deinstitutionalization of the Mentally Ill to Growth in the U.S. Incarceration Rate. The Journal of Legal Studies, 187-220. Rock, M. (2001). Emerging issues with mentally ill offenders: Casues and social consequences. Administration and Policy in Mental Health., 165-180. Soderstrom, I. R. (2007). Mental illness in offender populations: Prevalance, duty, and implications. Mental health issues in the criminal justice system., 1-17. The Criminalization of the Mentally Ill Essays -- Prison for Individua Problem Analysis: The United States has the highest incarceration rate in the world and of that over sixty percent of jail inmates reported having a mental health issue and 316,000 of them are severely mentally ill (Raphael & Stoll, 2013). Correctional facilities in the United States have become the primary mental health institutions today (Adams & Ferrandino, 2008). This imprisonment of the mentally ill in the United States has increased the incarceration rate and has left those individuals medically untreated and emotionally unstable while in jail and after being released. Better housing facilities, medical treatment and psychiatric counseling can be helpful in alleviating their illness as well as upon their release. This paper will explore the increasing incarceration rate of the mentally ill in the jails and prisons of the United States, the lack of medical services available to the mentally ill, the roles of the police, the correctional officers and the community and the revolving door phenom enon (Soderstrom, 2007). It will also review some of the existing and present policies that have been ineffective and present new policies that can be effective with the proper resources and training. The main objective of this paper is to illustrate that the criminalization of the mentally ill has become a public health problem and that our policy should focus more on rehabilitation rather than punishment. A huge factor in the prevalence of mental health problems in United States prison and jail inmates is believed to be due to the policy of deinstitutionalization. Many of the mentally ill were treated in publicly funded hospitals up until the 1960’s. Due to budget cuts and underfunding of community mental health services we ... ...aluating mental health courts as an ideal mental health intervention. Best Practices in Mental Health, 21-37. Lamb, H. R. (2004). Mentally ill persons in the criminal justice system: Some perspectives. Psychiatric Quarterly, 108-126. Markowitz, F. E. (2011). Mental illness, crime, and violence: Risk, context, and social control. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 36-44. Raphael, S. &. (2013). Assessing the Contribution of the Deinstitutionalization of the Mentally Ill to Growth in the U.S. Incarceration Rate. The Journal of Legal Studies, 187-220. Rock, M. (2001). Emerging issues with mentally ill offenders: Casues and social consequences. Administration and Policy in Mental Health., 165-180. Soderstrom, I. R. (2007). Mental illness in offender populations: Prevalance, duty, and implications. Mental health issues in the criminal justice system., 1-17.

Postmodernity and Hyper-Reality in Architecture

IntroductionThis essay will turn to architecture’s place in a consumer society. Consumer society can be described as the result of modernism where devouring stuff goods is the overriding characteristic of its balance and values. It is the consequence of the escalation in fabrication and rapid industrial developments. It is besides the result of the huge gait of variegation and growing of civilization, creativeness, engineering and urbanism as a manner of life. I will utilize the constructs of semiotic philosopher Jean Baudrillard’s as a footing in understanding the deductions of this civilization on the built environment, urban design and engineering. I will besides analyze the desire for phantasy kingdoms that mirror world by analyzing Baudrillard’s three orders of simulacra and the â€Å"hyperreal† . To understand the look of this phenomenon in our consumerist civilization I have chosen to analyze its manifestation in the urban context of Montecasiono an d besides practical environment of Second Life. My purpose is to better understand the architects’ place in this current civilization and what it could intend for the hereafter of architecture.Postmodernity and Hyper-realityThe postmodern status does non merely replace modernness but it instead opens up a new and complex bed of significance of the modern by stressing its self-contradictory facets. Modernity has become profoundly rooted in modern-day societies and therefore it is about impossible to happen a status where it has had no influence. Post-modernity by default can non be separated from modernness as emancipation and release are built-in to the modern. In the post-modern epoch the electronic image is the prevailing force specifying its nonliteral character. It is saturated with images in the grade which was non observed in history. ( Asanowicz, 2014 ) To understand some of the complexnesss of our image goaded civilization I will foremost be researching the Hagiograph as of Jean Baudrillard. Harmonizing to â€Å"Simulacra and Simulation† ( Baudrillard, 1994 ) in our post-modern society, â€Å"It is no longer a inquiry of imitation, nor duplicate, nor even lampoon. It is a inquiry of replacing the marks of the existent for the real† . Baudrillard suggests that postmodern civilization is non simply unreal, because the impression of artificiality still involves some sense of world against which to place it. What he conveys is that we can non acknowledge the differentiation between ruse and nature. Baudrillard so argues that there are three â€Å" orders of simulacra † . Simulacra ( Simulacres in Gallic agencies: stereotype, a pseudo-thing, an empty signifier, a clean signifier ) is one of the cardinal constructs of postmodern aesthetics. ( Asanowicz, 2014 ) . The first order of simulacra is related to the pre-modern period where the image is a clear imitation of the existent. Baudrillard associates the 2nd order of simulacra with the industrial revoluti on of the 19th century where mass production and the addition of transcripts break down the differences between the representation and the image. The 3rd order of simulacra is specifically associated with the postmodern age. It suggests that the representation precedes and determines the existent. The differentiation between world and its representation is has disappeared and there is merely the simulacrum. Baudrillard defined this deformation of the lines between the original and its transcript as the ‘hyperreal’ ( Baudrillard, 1994 ) . Not merely does the simulacrum imitate the original but the simulacrum of truth is truer than true and therefore the hyperreal is realer than existent. ( Horrocks & A ; Jevtic, 1999 ) This sort of fake image is all around us, nature militias are constructed to mask the absence the natural environment in urban countries. Reallity Television plans are edited to romanticise the mundane. Baudrillard uses the illustration of Disneyland, â€Å"Disneyland is presented as fanciful in order to do us believe that the remainder is existent, whereas all of Los Angeles and the America that surrounds it are no longer existent, but belong to the hyperreal order and to the order of simulation. It is no longer a inquiry of a false representation of world ( political orientation ) but of hiding the fact that the existent is no longer existent, and therefore of salvaging the world principle.† ( Baudrillard, 1994 ) . To associate this theory to a South African context I will utilize the illustration of Montesasino. While the fake environment is obviously false, invitees at Montecasino buy into the â€Å"reality† of phantasy because society will continually absorb simula cra and its penchant for it over world. Offering a excess of services and amusement options in a Tuscan themed environment, Montecasino disorientates and mesmerises its invitees in a universe of phantasy where disbursement money enhances engagement in, and enjoyment of the retail and leisure experience. Baudrillard remarks on the bleary differentiations between civilization, consumerism and individuality: â€Å"Work, leisure, nature and civilization, all antecedently dispersed, separate, and all more or less irreducible activities that produced anxiousness and complexness in our existent life, and in our ‘anarchic and archaic’ metropoliss, have eventually become assorted, massaged, clime controlled and domesticated into the simple activity of ageless shopping. All these activities have eventually become desexed into a individual hermaphroditic atmosphere of style† ( Baudrillard, 2001 ) . Another illustration of hyperreality is that of Multiaˆ?User Virtual Environments. This has fascinated me since I engaged my first multi-player role-playing computing machine game and recognized the habit-forming qualities it stirred. Today these practical environments are much more sophisticated with practical universes like World of Warcraft and Second Life imitating non merely of our physical universe but besides of our societal, political and economic status. Second Life has an active socialist party, an opposing Marxist party and even an nihilist group. Prostitution, chancing and consumerism are cardinal to the simulation. Users of these environments create embodiments which they define as the most accurate contemplation of theirrealself. Aside from hyperreality, many of the constructs Baudrillard postulates in Simulacra and Simulation are present. It is a semiological perfect universe, where the users are deprived of the ability to travel, eat and drink. The embodiments hav e nil else to devour but â€Å"signs† of the existent. Embodiments can lease cocottes to hold sex which is devoid of human contact or experience accordingly devouring the â€Å"sign† of holding sex. The embodiments buy expensive practical apparels to show the differentiation against the embodiments have oning free apparels. No existent apparels have changed custodies, but people spend existent that they have really earned to devour â€Å"signs† of goods. From a modernist this would look irrational but Baudrillards states that, â€Å"Nothing resembles itself, and holographic reproduction, like all phantasies of the exact synthesis or Resurrection of the existent ( this besides goes for scientific experimentation ) , is already no longer existent, is already hyperreal† ( Baudrillard, 1994 ) , therefore it could be argued that there is no difference in devouring something â€Å"real† or a â€Å"sign of the real† . The newest stage of consumer society is consequently concerned with the consequence of digital ingestion. This is intensified by globalization, new information engineerings and real-time communicating. In the following subdivision I will discourse the deductions of society’s preoccupation with ingestion and hyperreality on Architecture.Post-Modern Architecture in a consumer societyFrederic Jameson suggests that Postmodernism replicates or reproduces and reinforces the logic of consumer capitalist economy. Therefore when we study a consumer society we should concentrate on the seductive and tempting as this is inherit to the consumer life style. In architecture footings such as image, atmosphere and captivation of visual aspect are more of import than modern impressions of individuality, rationalism, naturalism and functionalism ( Jameson, 2002 ) . Few modern-day designers have consciously thought of their plants with consideration to our image goaded civilization. In â€Å"Visions’ Unfolding: Architecture in the Age of Electronical Media† , Peter Eisenman postulates that by utilizing computing machine plans which randomly fold surfaces and link the edifice and landscape into one uninterrupted whole, the architecture does non give up to any peculiar account, but continuously disrupts what is defined as architecture ( Eisenman, 1999 ) . This does turn to the thought of surface being the most of import facet of design but the job is that the plants is perchance non seductive plenty, instead the work is simply absorbing. On the other manus the work of Jean Nouvel is shrouded in the captivation of visual aspect. In Jean Nouvel in Conversation: Tomorrow Can Take Care of Itself, he says that â€Å"image is the affair of architecture and therefore the hereafter of architecture is non architectural in the tectonic senseâ€Å" . Nouvel emphasises that his architecture is non composed of infinite but of communicative surfaces, which he calls interfaces. He is non interested in inside informations but merely in images. Koolhaas and Tschumi are two other designers that have based their plants on a witting survey of atmosphere instead than maps or significances in architecture. Last one can non bury to advert Bernard Tshumi. After the perpendicular, modern, in La Villette we have the horizontal, minimum, conceptual and postmodern hyperrealism. The â€Å"cinematic† versions in the architecture enable â€Å"events† and are said to supply new freedom for the visitant when taking paths and point of views. Last the celebrated â€Å"congestion† in Koolhaas’ plants can be recognised as an atmospheric consequence created by â€Å"programming† . Koolhaas tries to make architecture congested with the multitudes in diverse actions. These actions have typically non been assigned a specific topographic point. Rational individuality must be abandoned when construing mass society.DecisionIn its most recent signifiers, architecture is already going transparent, Mobile, flexible and synergistic. It about tries to vanish in order to allow a conjectural mass creativeness show through. It replaces the immaterial with drifting regulations of the game, a screen of deconstruction which leaves the topics rather free to contrive their ain game regulations. Besides, architecture is non the lone thing to give manner to this synergistic Utopia of exchange and playful diversion: all art, political relations and practical engineering is traveling in this way. These inclinations manifest themselves in modern-day architecture in the new possibilities for pluralism, â€Å"open† architecture, the flexible interrelatedness between manufacturers and consumers, interactivity, and â€Å"the advanced consumers† . Moralism against consumer society and commercial architecture does non work because it is characteristic of consumer society itself that it spreads moralities refering how people should populate and which sort of edifices they should hold. These moralities refering consumers are disguised in the signifier of â€Å"choices† . Neither edifice without designers nor pragmatist architecture can do the place of designers better in society, because these phenomena are already included in the mythologies of consumer society. As concerns the relevancy of Baudrillard’s theory in architecture, it has become evident through my theoretical work that this makes impossible such traditional architectural constructs in general as creativeness, the fulfilling of demands and functionality. Architects can merely rush up or decelerate down interpersonal socio-economic procedures and in this manner increase societal reciprocality and coherence. Harmonizing to Baudrillard’s analysis of the present socio-economic forms in society, it has become about impossible to do genuinely seductive and mutual architecture. Baudrillard’s theory does non go forth really much for designers to tilt on, up to the inquiry of inquiring whether architecture can at all be designed under Baudrillard’s footings, nevertheless credible he is in indicating out the important problematics of civilization in consumer society. Beginning List HILDE HEYNEN, 2000, Architecture and Modernity: A Critique, Massachusetts, MIT Press, 8-24 JEAN BAUDRILLARD, 1994. The precession of simulacra, Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press, 1-42. JEAN BAUDRILLARD, 1982, Modernite , † in La modernite ou l’esprit du temps, Biennale de Paris, Section Architecture, Paris, L’Equerre, 27-28. PETER EISENMAN, 1994, Visions’ Unfolding: Architecture in the Age of Electronical Media, Michigan, A+U Publishers, 2-5. REM KOOLHAAS & A ; SANFORD KWINTER, 1996, Conversations with Students, New York, Princeton Architect ural Press, p 5-6. 1

Getting the Most out of WritingForums.com

Getting the Most out of WritingForums.com If you are a writer looking for answers to your questions about writing, editing and publishing, WritingForums.com is a valuable resource. Privately owned and community managed, this website provides information on every aspect of writing, including fiction and non-fiction, poetry, the editing process, traditional publishing, and self-publishing. The website is forum-based, with over 20,000 members, 75,000+ threads, and over a million posts. WritingForums.com aims to offer a safe, friendly, and welcoming space where writers of all abilities can connect and learn from each others experiences. There are opportunities to ask questions, exchange tips, engage in discussions, and share resources.How it worksThis website is run for by members, for members, with many active staff and volunteers involved in making sure everything runs smoothly. Community members act as administrators, supervisors, mentors, and moderators, and theres a light-hearted, tongue-in-cheek page explaining what everyb ody does and how things run.Once youve signed up for a free member account you can start browsing the forums, asking questions and responding to others posts. You may want to start with the Introduce Yourself thread, where you can share as much or as little information about you and your writing as youd like to. When you click on a forum name, the top few posts will often be pinned posts laying out some basic rules and guidelines for posting in that particular forum. Next, you will see the posts that have had the most recent activity. Many forums are very active with a lot of discussions going on throughout the day. You can search each forum using the search tab on the top right of the page.The site offers both free accounts and paid subscriptions, and free members can upgrade to a paid subscription at any time. It takes a few minutes to make a basic, free account. In order to guard against spammers, new members will have certain features restricted until they have posted in the for ums at least 10 times. They cannot, for example, post any promotional content, or share their work to the creative boards in order to get feedback on their writing.The subscription service gives you immediate access to extra site features. Paid members can access hidden forums and a writers chat room. They can also share their writing and ask for feedback from other members. A one-month subscription currently costs just $3 (USD) and a yearly subscription is $25. Subscribers who offer relevant services (such as publishing or editing) may also promote themselves in the Outside Resources section and other areas, allowing them to connect with writers who may need their services.Navigating the siteMany of us have become accustomed to searching through Facebook groups and other social media threads to find the information we want. Compared to that, this type of forum-based site feels like a breath of fresh air. It is well organized, easily searchable, and simple to navigate. The forums ar e organized into broad categories, such as Community, Publishing and Verse, with clear titles, and one line descriptions, for each forum. Inside the forums, each thread has a title and a note of which member started the thread and when. You can quickly see how many replies there are and how recently each thread has been active.At the top of the homepage you can access various pages such as new posts, rules and FAQs. Theres also a page called Just Chill where you can go for off-topic discussions or to play some word games when youre on a writing break (or procrastinating). The whole site is searchable from a handy search bar at the top of every page.WritingThe Writing forums cover a range of topics including:General Writing DiscussionResearchPromptsChallengesWriting CompetitionsSPAG (spelling, punctuation and grammar)HATs (hints and tips)While there is a general writing related forum, there are also forums covering verse, prose (fiction and scripts), and non-fiction prose.PublishingT he forums within the publishing category are extensive and varied, offering information on a wide range of issues that writers and authors might encounter. They include:A general publishing discussionBeta readingEditingTraditional publishingSelf-publishingMarketingCalls for submissionsWriters with a range of experiences weigh in within the publishing forums, and it is possible to ask very specific questions. You can ask, for example, which cover design people prefer, or if other members have worked with a specific agent or publisher.Beyond the forumThis is a specific category allowing members to reach out to each other elsewhere, and share resources. It also facilitates supporting each others blogs and books, following each other on social media, and creating real-life writing groups. Topics include:Author InterviewsPodcastsReviews and recommendationsOutside resourcesThe blogrollNaNoWriMo supportOnce again, you will have to prove you are a genuine member (by posting 10+ times or buy ing a subscription) before you have access to many of these features.FeedbackOnce you have proved you are a genuine community member, the site gives you a few different ways to get the all-important feedback you need to grow and improve as a writer. You can share your short stories, novel excerpts and poetry in relevant threads, and ask for feedback from fellow members. The site provides some useful advice on presenting your story for online critique that you should read first. There is also an opportunity to ask direct questions of the Writers Forum mentors. The mentor directory lists experienced writers who are prepared to reach out and help new writers. You can view their area of interest and bio, and there is a link to message them directly with any questions you may have.CompetitionsMonthly competitions and challenges are run for both fiction and non-fiction. Non-fiction challenges include essays, journalistic articles, opinion pieces, memoirs and travelogues. Fiction competiti ons will focus on a theme, and community members are welcome to suggest one. There are strict rules regarding word count and how entries are to be submitted, which can all be found in the Challenges, Contests and Prompts category. Winners are given an award and a months free subscription, but just as valuable for many writers is the judges score and review, which is effectively free feedback and advice on your story or non-fiction piece.A few things to keep in mindForum-based websites like this are incredibly useful, but they are also very prone to spammers looking for writers to sell their products and services to. It is with this in mind that the site insists on the 10 post rule before unlocking aspects of the site that could be open to abuse. You can always get around the rule with a paid subscription, which is very reasonable, but if you dont want a paid subscription, you will have to be patient and build up your posts, by making meaningful comments on others threads. Short, mea ningless comments posted purely to meet the post count may be deleted. Do not be tempted to get self-promotional too early. You may well be marked as a spammer if you do. Sharing a link to your blog or book will be possible, once you have hit the 10-post mark, but even then make sure it is done in an appropriate way and within a relevant thread.Be aware that any writing you share on the creative boards will then be visible to other members and may be accessed by the general public. You always own the copyright to everything you have created, so this is not a problem, but do keep in mind how sharing your work here might affect future plans for publication or submission. Some publications will want work to be unpublished, and while posting in a forum for the purpose of feedback is not generally considered publishing, it is possible that some publications might not like the fact your work is freely available on the web. If you are sharing writing that is part of a novel, it is advisabl e to publish excerpts only. It is common practice to publish novel excerpts online or in print media in order to promote the work, but, with a few exceptions, it is not advisable to have your entire book available on a public forum. However, the site offers Workshops for members, which are not visible to the public or to search engines. This protects their future publishing rights.The site is carefully moderated and posts that are abusive or offensive should be reported to the moderators. There is a strong commitment to making these forums a welcoming, safe, and helpful place for writers of all different abilities and experience levels. There is a list of rules that are designed to make sure all members are respected and comfortable. Remember if you post a piece of writing for critique you may well get negative as well as positive feedback, but it should all be constructive and respectfully offered. Taking on board what people dont like about your writing, as well as what they do, i s part of how we all grow as writers. Both new and experienced writers have much to gain from a responsive and supportive platform like WritingForums.com.